But most MFI's have not been able to achieve this buy bulk sms service for a number of reasons. At the level of technology, allowing out of network payments creates a entirely different level of fraud risk and this needs to be managed through more secure and difficult to implement solutions. Accessing banking buy bulk sms service infrastructure normally requires at least associate membership of a card association, a step buy bulk sms service few MFIs have taken. Most importantly the difference is size between the average MNO and the average MFI makes any joint venture inherently unbalanced. The buy bulk sms service unhappy outcome is thus that many MFIs have wasted time and money on solutions that have not been widely adopted or created much value for their clients. Leveraging "carrier" services creates far greater opportunities where such carrier buy bulk sms service services are available. (The term carrier services is used to describe solutions that allow clients to buy bulk sms service post payment to a third party using a standard widely available solution that requires no direct investment from the MFI). This is essentially the service buy bulk sms service provided by a traditional bank account, a standard money transfer service (such as M-PESA), or by a third party fund transfer companies/bill payment companies such as Easypay (www.easypay.co.za). These services do not require anything buy bulk sms service than a contractual relationship between the MFI and the payment service provider. Both Smart in the Philippines and M-PESA now provide a corporate portal as part of a standard business service.